domingo, 21 de abril de 2013


LA PENA DE MUERTE ¿JUSTICIA O CRIMEN DE ESTADO?

Por: Rev. Víctor Agüero
alertando@yahoo.com

La práctica de quitar la vida a un ser humano como castigo o condena por haber cometido un delito especifico se conoce desde hace siglos en todas las sociedades, aun en las más antiguas. Desde sus inicios alcanzó ribetes de legalidad en la mayoría de los países y estados que la implementaron. Aunque ha sido abolida por  muchas naciones  que la utilizaban como castigo, sin embargo aun existen lugares como China, los Estados Unidos de Norte América (en algunos estados), Guatemala, India y otros países que la siguen practicando.
                                                                                                                          
Las causas que  se utilizaban (y aun lo hacen) para cometer dicho acto son variables, extremas y otras injustificadamente risibles. Mediante algunos tratados las Leyes Internacionales sobre el Derecho inviolable a la vida han establecido que ningún estado puede arbitrariamente quitar la vida a ningún ser humano. El Articulo 3 de la Declaración sobre los Derechos Humanos dice:  ¨todo individuo tiene derecho a la vida, a la liberta y a la seguridad de su persona¨.  Sin embargo, y de acuerdo a muchos
analistas, el derecho a la vida, en algunos casos, es cuestionable, como por ejemplo,  los actos de traición a la patria, eventos en tiempos de guerra, etc.  Aunque las leyes de los derechos humanos en si no prohíben el uso de la pena de muerte, promueven su abolición. En ese sentido, los avances son significativos, aunque podría decirse ante la realidad actual de dicha práctica por parte de varios países, que aun falta un gran trecho.                                                                      
En todos los tiempos la aplicación de la pena de muerte como castigo ha tenido simpatizantes y opositores teniendo cada grupo sus propios argumentos  los cuales van desde aspectos éticos, morales, legales y religiosos.                                                            Los métodos o formas de la aplicación de la pena de muerte o pena capital, como también se le conoce, son sumamente variados y horrorosos.                                                                                                                Algunos han sido: la orca o estrangulamiento, el fusilamiento o un tiro en la nuca, la decapitación, el degüello, la silla eléctrica, el envenenamiento con sustancias letales, el lanzamiento a fieras hambrientas, lanzamiento a horno de fuego, la hoguera, muerte a golpe, enterramiento vivo, o dejando al condenado con la cabeza por fuera para ser mordido  por animales e insectos,  abandono en cárceles  o amarrados sin alimentos de ninguna clase, la lapidación o aplastamiento del cuerpo o parte del mismo, la crucifixión, el arraste del condenado hasta despedazarse, desmembramiento de parte del cuerpo, ahogamiento en agua o mediante el impedimento de la respiración, muerte en hoguera, la antorcha humana, el asaetamiento o cuchillada, inmersión en  metal fundido y decenas de otros tantos métodos inimaginables.                                                                                                                 
Desde mediado del siglo XX el mundo comenzó a inquietarse por el asunto de la aplicación de la pena de muerte y sus implicaciones morales, ética, legales, etc. No es sino para fin del siglo XVIII que el mundo comienza a hacer cuestionamiento sobre la legalidad de dicha práctica. En la actualidad los países que contemplan la pena de muerte,  al menos en su jurisprudencia y como una solución sobre el castigo están clasificados así; 90 países  (países retencionistas) y los abolicionistas, entre los cuales están  90 para todos los delitos, 13 solo para delitos comunes y 23 para abolicionistas de hecho.                                                                                                                  Hablando sobre el listado de método diferente en que se aplica la condena capital, la Organización Amnistía Internacional indica en su página cibernética en español sobre estos métodos que, y citamos: ¨este listado ni siquiera es exhautivo¨. Es decir, probablemente existen un sin numero de formas en que se ha ejecutado dicha acción y no se han informado.                                                                                                                            
Con el paso de los tiempos, y sin importar los que piensen en la efectividad de la aplicación de la pena capital, independientemente de cómo se aplique, ha habido voces de protestas a todos los niveles. Arthur Koestler (1905-1983), novelista, ensayista y periodista británico, nacido en Budapest (Hungría) y quien había peleado en la segunda guerra mundial, y durante algún momento de su vida se había afiliado al partido comunista ruso, estando en España, fue condenado a la pena de muerte la cual fue conmutada. Posteriormente y estando en la cárcel escribió su novela ¨Reflexiones sobre la horca¨. Este autor ingles logró escribir varias novelas en donde expresaba su oposición y argumentó sobre los males sociales del mundo, ellos la pena de muerte.                                                                        
Su penúltima novela El espíritu de la máquina (1968) presenta la hipótesis de que el aparente instinto de autodestrucción de la humanidad puede tener una base fisiológica en ciertas patologías cerebrales. Los números citados sobre las últimas aplicaciones de la pena de muerte, según la organización Amnistía  Internacional indica que para el año 2003 fueron ejecutadas unas 1,146 personas en unos  28 países. Según la organización el 84% de estas muertes ocurrieron en 4 países; China (726 ejecuciones), Irán (ejecuto 106 personas), Estados Unidos (65) e Irán (64).                                                                                            
En los países de alta incidencia criminal, como por ejemplo Puerto Rico,  los ciudadanos tienen opiniones divididas sobre la efectividad o no de la pena de muerte. Los que la apoyan creen que la aplicación de la misma es hacer justicia a las victimas y sus familiares, y ven la aplicación como  un disuasivo para aguantar a la gente a no cometer actos criminales, y los que se oponen argumentan que las estadísticas indican que el crimen no ha bajado, y que de alguna forma, el estado  propicia el ambiente socioeconómico que conduce a los violadores de la ley  a delinquir,  además ven con preocupación   los errores judiciales ocurridos en varios casos de condenas consumadas los cuales han sido descubiertos en fechas posteriores a la aplicación de la pena.                                                                       
Por ejemplo, en el estado de Massachussets, Estados Unidos se dio el caso en que acusaron a dos ciudadanos italianos de haberse robado 15,000 dólares en una fábrica de zapatos y que en el robo mataron al vigilante. El jurado los declaró culpables a pesar de  que las pruebas aportadas por el testigo eran circunstanciales. Ellos tenían un carro idéntico al que se usó en la escena del crimen, además  uno de ello poseía una pistola identificada como la que se usó, al menos, o una parecida. Las protestas no se hicieron esperar a nivel internacional. En Europa muchos intelectuales calificaron el juicio como uno viciado de racismo por ser los dos acusados italianos. Tras siete años de apelaciones y reclamaciones finalmente, fueron asesinados por el  método de la silla eléctrica.  50 años después, en el 1977 el entonces gobernador de Massachussets  Michael Dukakis firmó una declaración en donde afirmaba que en el juicio de los ciudadanos italianos hubo muchas irregularidades y que los condenados eran inocentes.  El gobernador Dukakis excusó al sistema, sus palabras podrían indicar que no hubo justicia, pero nunca dijo que fue un crimen del estado.                                                                                    
Los métodos para las aplicaciones de sanciones utilizadas por los gobiernos y estados han demostrado que el propósito disuasivo que posiblemente se perseguía a fin de enviarles un mensaje claro a los transgresores de Ley no ha funcionado. La psicología del crimen revela que los actos criminales en su mayoría son planificados fríamente y ejecutados con alevosía, por lo tanto el factor disuasivo no existe en lo más ínfimo en los criminales o violadores de las leyes. No existe la disuasión ni siquiera en aquellos individuos que no son potencialmente criminales y sí circunstanciales.  Por esta razón, entre otras,  muchos estados y países que han abolido la pena capital en su jurisprudencia penal y han dado un  paso al frente y son los vanguardistas de un proyecto que abre las puertas a mejores iniciativas para combatir el flagelo del crimen violento con recursos educativos que graviten en la psicología de los individuos.                                                                           
La negligencia del estado en desarrollar verdaderos programas vanguardistas para combatir el flagelo del crimen, lo convierte en la otra cara de la moneda, en parte del problema. La Justicia ciega solo “mira” los delitos de comisión y deja a un lado los delitos de omisión.    A nuestro entender, hay mejores métodos para castigar a los transgresores. La supresión de la libertad individual como método es el mejor camino como castigo, claro está,  acompañando el castigo con la oportunidad de superación de ese individuo y considerando los elementos circunstanciales que lo indujeron  o que lo llevaron a cometer un crimen. Los sistemas carcelarios muchas veces adolecen de programas de ayuda para la superación de los individuos que están pagando por sus delitos, la sociedad los desprecia de tal forma, que al salir a la libre comunidad les niegan las oportunidades de reincorporarse a la sociedad y siempre los estigmatizan etiquetándolos como lacras humanas impulsando a muchos de ellos a delinquir de nuevo en sus fechorías.                                                              
Pensamos que los gobiernos deberían implementar mas y mejores programas de superación, no solamente para la población penal, sino también para esos miles de individuos que por ser miembros o parte de familias disfuncionales en su crianza exponen a sus hijos a un ambiente de inseguridad, de falta de apoyo, cariño y amor, de falta de ejemplos de honestidad y de un marcado ausentismo de otros valores tan importante para la formación de ciudadanos pacíficos.

sábado, 20 de abril de 2013


Second Boston Marathon bombings suspect captured; siblings' motives for massacre remain unclear

  • Last Updated: 9:46 AM, April 20, 2013
  • Posted: 1:51 AM, April 20, 2013
Douglas Healey
Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is visible through an ambulance window after he was captured in Watertown, Mass. Friday.
The Chechen immigrant brothers who bombed the Boston Marathon were devout Muslims who appeared to become more radicalized in recent months — posting Islamic “jihad” videos on social-media sites and following the preachings of a firebrand cleric.
But the men’s motive for Monday’s massacre — which killed three and maimed more than 170 others — remained a mystery as the younger brother, college student Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, 19, was taken into custody last night.
HE’S SUNK: Home surveillance video catches Dzhokhar Tsarnaev sneaking into a boat in the back yard of a Watertown, Mass., property, where police caught the Boston Marathon bombing suspect last night.
CBS
HE’S SUNK: Home surveillance video catches Dzhokhar Tsarnaev sneaking into a boat in the back yard of a Watertown, Mass., property, where police caught the Boston Marathon bombing suspect last night.
GRATITUDE: Relieved residents of the Boston suburb of Watertown applaud departing law-enforcement officials last night after the surviving bomber was taken into custody.
Getty Images
GRATITUDE: Relieved residents of the Boston suburb of Watertown applaud departing law-enforcement officials last night after the surviving bomber was taken into custody.
He was captured after a nearly two-hour standoff and shootout with cops after he hid out in a boat stored in a back yard in Watertown, a Boston suburb.
His brother, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, 26, was fatally shot yesterday morning after cops said the pair executed an MIT campus cop, carjacked a man in his Mercedes SUV, then fired assault rifles and lobbed pipe bombs and a grenade at pursuing police.
Dzhokhar escaped on foot after running over his mortally wounded brother with an SUV — triggering an unprecedented lockdown of Boston and its surrounding suburbs.
Among yesterday’s rapid developments:
* Three people were taken into custody in New Bedford “on the assumption there is an affiliation with suspect Number 2,” said Lt. Robert Richard of the New Bedford Police.
Dozens of cops swarmed the neighborhood, detaining two young men and a woman, and evacuating neighboring apartments, witnesses said.
* Authorities found multiple assembled pipe bombs in the brothers’ Cambridge apartment, where investigators planned to carry out a “controlled explosion” to make the residence safe to enter.
They also found other explosives linked to the brothers elsewhere, including unexploded pipe bombs along the chase route.
* It emerged that the FBI had interviewed Tamerlan about his “extremist views,” but then closed the case.
Tamerlan was interviewed by the FBI in 2009 after authorities in Russia said he was a “radical,” according to sources. When G-men asked Tamerlan whether he was a radical, he replied “no,” a source said.
* Their father, Anzor, was interviewed by the FBI in 2001 for taking pictures of the Manhattan skyline after the 9/11 attacks.
* Their mother, Zubeidat, speaking from their native Russia, said, “My sons would never do this. It is a set-up” — and bizarrely claimed that Tamerlan “was controlled by the FBI . . . for three to five years.”
* The brothers’ uncle Ruslan Tsarni, speaking on TV, called both the men “losers” of whom he was “ashamed,” and urged, “Dzhokhar, if you are alive, turn yourself in and ask for forgiveness.”
Tsarni said the brothers struggled to adjust to American life during their decade living here, but ended up “just hating everyone.”
* Authorities searched the West New York, NJ, apartment of one of the suspects’ sisters.
* The Boston Red Sox and Boston Bruins postponed their games to keep people off the street as the search for Dzhokhar continued.
The events capped a dramatic week that began when two homemade bombs exploded seconds apart — about 100 yards from each other — near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on Monday.
Boston Globe via Getty Images
Police clear the bleachers after two explosions went off near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on Monday, April 15.
The explosions’ three fatalities included an 8-year-old boy, Martin Richard. Multiple people lost limbs in the blast, including two brothers who each lost a leg.
For three days, authorities scrambled to discover who had planted and ignited the two bombs — and sifted through thousands of videos and photos they obtained from surveillance cameras and private individuals’ snapshots and smartphones.
On Thursday afternoon, the FBI for the first time released video and still images of two unidentified men, both wearing baseball caps and walking swiftly with backpacks toward the locations where the bombs were left.
An image showed the man who had been wearing a white baseball hat backward walking calmly away after the explosions — without his backpack.
That man was later identified as Dzhohkar, and his black-hat-wearing companion as his brother, Tamerlan.
He was seen leaving the scene as panicked spectators scrambled from the smoke-filled scene on Boylston Street.
AP
The FBI released these surveillance photos of the suspects Thursday.
Hours after their images went viral on the Internet — setting off a flurry of tips to authorities — police said the brothers began their rampage by killing MIT campus cop Sean Collier and carjacking an unidentified man who the took them to multiple ATMs to get money from his account.
“Tell the police that we did the bombing,” the brothers told that man, according to a source.
The running firefight the AK-47-toting brothers started in suburban Watertown with cops stunned residents who cowered in their houses. In addition to firing, the brothers flung homemade bombs at the cops.
Getty Images
SWAT team members and police swarmed Watertown Friday searching for 19-year-old bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.
The brothers’ father echoed his wife when he spoke to reporters from the Russian republic of Dagestan, saying that his sons were “set up — they were set up!”
“They killed my older son, Tamerlan,” Anzor said.
And he called Dzhohkar “a true angel.”
But Boston Police Commissioner Ed David had something much different to say about Dzhohkar yesterday.
“We believe this man to be a terrorist,” David said. “We believe this to be a man who’s come here to kill people.”
Additional reporting by Josh Margolin

Obama says U.S. to investigate if Boston bombings suspects had help

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U.S. President Barack Obama speaks to reporters from the White House in Washington, following the capture of the second Boston Marathon bombing suspect, April 19, 2013. REUTERS/Kevin Lamarque
WASHINGTON | Sat Apr 20, 2013 6:35am EDT
(Reuters) - President Barack Obama pledged on Friday that the United States will find out whether the two ethnic Chechen brothers suspected of carrying out the Boston Marathon bombings received help, and he pleaded for Americans not to rush to judgment.
Obama appeared in the White House briefing room after police arrested the lone surviving suspect in the Boston suburb of Watertown, ending a dramatic manhunt. The other suspect was killed in a shootout overnight with police.
The U.S. leader watched the fast-paced developments on television in the White House residence, then returned to the Oval Office where he was briefed by FBI Director Robert Mueller. Relief swept the White House at the news of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's arrest but there was no sign of a celebration.
"Obviously tonight there are still many unanswered questions. Among them: why did young men who grew up and studied here as part of our communities and country resort to such violence? How did they plan and carry out these attacks, and did they receive any help?" Obama said.
The successful conclusion of the manhunt allowed Obama to tout a major law enforcement achievement in response to the worst attack on U.S. soil since the September 11, 2001, attacks.
Questions remain, however, over the FBI's disclosure on Friday that it had interviewed one of the suspects in 2011 and found no evidence that he posed a security risk.
The president, looking somber and gripping the podium, said Americans are in debt to the people of Boston and Massachusetts for their resilience in responding to the twin blasts that killed three people and injured 176 others on Monday and enduring a wrenching week.
"We will determine what happened. We will investigate any association that these terrorists may have had and will continue to do whatever we have to do to keep our people safe," Obama said.
In urging Americans to show tolerance, Obama may have been referring to the surviving suspect who is known to have posted links to Islamic websites calling for Chechen independence.
Obama appealed for Americans to avoid a rush to judgment, saying people should stay true to the "unity and diversity that makes us strong."
"That's why we have courts. That's why we take care not to rush to judgment, not about the motivations of these individuals, certainly not about entire groups of people ... We welcome people from all around the world, people of every faith, every ethnicity," he said.
Obama spoke earlier in the day with Russian President Vladimir Putin about the Boston bombings and the White House said he praised U.S.-Russian counter-terrorism cooperation including after Monday's attack.
The end of the Boston manhunt capped an emotional and difficult week for Obama.
His legislation to tighten background checks on gun buyers, a response to the December massacre of 20 children and six adults at a school in Connecticut, went down in a bitter defeat in the U.S. Senate, prompting Obama to angrily denounce it as a "shameful day" in Washington.
And with the nation already on edge, authorities intercepted letters laced with ricin, a highly lethal poison, that were sent to Obama and Republican U.S. Senator Roger Wicker. Authorities have arrested a Mississippi man in the case.
Obama also attended a wrenching inter-faith service for the victims of the bombings in Boston on Thursday.
"All in all, this has been a tough week," he said. "But we've seen the character of our country once more."
(Editing by Paul Simao)

Boston bombing suspects wanted to fit in, friends say

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Tamerlan Tsarnaev (L), 26, is pictured in 2010 in Lowell, Massachusetts, and his brother Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, 19, is pictured in an undated FBI handout photo in this combination photo. REUTERS/The Sun of Lowell, MA/FBI/Handout
Sat Apr 20, 2013 5:49am EDT
(Reuters) - They dressed like typical American teenagers, enjoyed playing sports and strived to fit in after arriving in the United States with their family from the southern Russian province of Dagestan a decade ago.
The schoolmates, teachers and neighbors of Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev said they saw little sign of radicalism - or anything extraordinary - to explain why the ethnic Chechen brothers would allegedly carry out the twin bombings that killed three people and wounded 176 at the Boston Marathon on Monday.
Tamerlan, 26, who dreamed of Olympic boxing glory and appeared to have become a more observant Muslim in recent years, was killed in a shootout with police late on Thursday. Dzhokhar, 19, who was a high school wrestler, was captured by police Friday night after a manhunt that virtually shut down Boston.
The physical journey of the pair from Russia to Cambridge, Massachusetts, is fairly well-documented. But the psychological journey that might have led them to carry out the worst bomb attack on U.S. soil since the plane hijackings on September 11, 2001, is largely an enigma.
Four U.S. government officials said they were unaware of any information in government databases that would have, before this week, flagged the Tsarnaev brothers as militants who might become involved in attacks.
But late on Friday, the FBI said it interviewed the elder brother in 2011, acting at the request of an unidentified foreign government.
The FBI's dealings with Tamerlan did not produce any "derogatory" information, and the matter was put "to bed," a U.S. law enforcement source said, speaking on condition of anonymity.
The revelation was the first indication that the brothers were known to U.S. security officials prior to Monday's bombings, U.S. authorities said.
'SHAME ON OUR FAMILY'
The Tsarnaev brothers, who have two sisters, are ethnic Chechen, from a predominately Muslim region of Russia where separatists fought two wars in the 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union.
They were schooled in Dagestan, a neighboring region that was drawn into Chechnya's violence during the 1990s and has since become the focal point for a simmering Islamist insurgency.
Their aunt, Maret Tsarnaeva, who lives in Toronto, said the family had refugee status in the United States.
The younger brother arrived in 2002 with his parents. At the time, his three siblings were in Kazakhstan but later united with Dzhokhar in the United States. The father, Anzor, later went back to Dagestan with the mother, who has traveled back and forth to the United States.
Their uncle, Ruslan Tsarni, who lives in Maryland, told reporters he had not spoken with Dzhokhar and Tamerlan since 2009.
"He put a shame on our family, he put a shame on the entire Chechen ethnicity," Tsarni said of Dzhokhar.
But a man who identified himself as the father of the two brothers said on Friday he believed his sons had been framed.
Sitting on an unmade bed in his home in Dagestan's provincial capital Makhachkala, Anzor Tsarnaev defended the brothers.
"Somebody clearly framed them. I don't know who exactly framed them, but they did. They framed them. And they were so cowardly that they shot the boy dead," he told Reuters, clasping his head in despair. He was speaking on Friday after news of Tamerlan's death and before Dzhokhar was captured.
"I'm scared for my boy - that they will shoot him dead too."
Tsarnaev also said he was expecting the younger brother to visit him in Dagestan soon for summer holidays. It was not possible to verify he was the brothers' father, but he has also been identified as such in Russian and other media reports.
Former classmates speculated that it might be the older brother who had influenced Dzhokhar. A YouTube account under Tamerlan's name featured two videos about terrorism.
Tamerlan appeared to become more religious in recent years, according to his aunt.
"He was not devout, practicing. But about three years ago he began praying five times a day," Tsarnaeva said in comments carried on CNN, adding that she had no problem with that change.
ALL-AMERICAN ASPIRATIONS
More than anything, Dzhokhar wanted to be popular, according to those who knew him in Cambridge, home of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a city where students and academics mix easily with blue-collar workers and recent immigrants.
Friends and acquaintances say he laughed at everyone's jokes. He tried hard to get along with everybody. He used the word "dude." He liked hip hop. He was cheery, nervous and socially awkward - but not in a way that made people uncomfortable. And he didn't talk about politics much.
"Seriously, he was so, so normal, no accent, an all-American kid in every measurable sense of the word," said Nate Mann, 20, who was in the class above the younger Tsarnaev at Cambridge Rindge & Latin School.
The older brother, who was known as Timmy, appeared to be less social.
"I don't have a single American friend," Tamerlan was quoted as saying in a 2010 profile in "The Comment" magazine, published by Boston University's School of Communications. "I don't understand them."
Luis Vasquez, a 25-year-old youth counselor who went to school with Tamerlan and lives two blocks away from the Tsarnaev house, remembers him differently.
"He was just a big friendly giant," Vasquez said. "He had a sense of humor."
'SWEET, CONSIDERATE'
Tamerlan had a wife, Katherine Russell, and a young daughter. His aunt said he was "very happy" about his child.
"We cannot begin to comprehend how this horrible tragedy occurred," the Russell family said in a statement. "In the aftermath of the Patriot's Day horror, we know that we never really knew Tamerlan Tsarnaev. Our hearts are sickened by the knowledge of the horror he has inflicted."
Tamerlan had been a part-time accounting student at Bunker Hill Community College in Boston. He was enrolled there for three semesters - fall 2006, spring 2007 and fall 2008.
"He wasn't even close" to getting a degree, said Patricia Brady, a spokeswoman for the college.
After winning a Golden Gloves amateur boxing competition in nearby Lowell, Massachusetts, in 2004, Tamerlan told the local newspaper, "I like the USA. ... America has a lot of jobs.
"That's something Russia doesn't have. You have a chance to make money here if you are willing to work."
Tamerlan was quoted in "The Comment" magazine as saying he wanted to participate in theOlympics and would "rather compete for the U.S. than Russia" if he could not represent an independent Chechnya.
He neither smoked nor drank, and said "God said no alcohol," according to the magazine's profile of the amateur boxer.
Those who knew the younger brother painted a picture of a youth who bore none of the telltales of an immigrant: Dzhokhar had virtually no accent. He dressed in sweats and a sweatshirt. He did not hang with anybody in the school's Muslim circle.
The brothers' public high school, Cambridge Rindge and Latin, is one of the most diverse in the country, its student body ranging from the children of immigrants to those of Harvard professors.
It counts actors Matt Damon and Ben Affleck, poet E.E. Cummings and basketball star Patrick Ewing among its alumni.
"I always sympathized with him because he was, I'd say, a kid that just really wanted to be accepted," said Taylor Conlin, who played on the Rindge lacrosse team with Dzhokhar. "He did it in a very humble way, but he just tried to hang out with the cool kids."
Former classmates were astonished to hear that "sweet, considerate" Dzhokhar, who later enrolled at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, could have been involved in the explosions.
"He was the typical Rindge kid to us, actually a lot nicer than we were, and quieter," said Mann. "But obviously he had secrets."
(Reporting by Edith Honan, Peter Graff, Ben Berkowitz, Stephanie Simon, Michelle Conlin, Lisa Schwartz, Emily Flitter and Mark Hosenball; Research by Barclay Walsh and Carolyn Wilder; Writing by Ian Simpson and Frank McGurty; Editing by Tiffany Wu, Mary Milliken and Frances Kerry)